Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
Ability of rats of either sex to detect odors of sexually active members of the opposite sex is independent of their own gonadal state. Attraction to that odor, on the other hand, requires that female... Ability of rats of either sex to detect odors of sexually active members of the opposite sex is independent of their own gonadal state. Attraction to that odor, on the other hand, requires that females be either sexually experienced or under the inuence of estrogen. while positive responses by males require both androgen and sexual experience. Lydell and Doty (1972), also working with rats, conrmed the role of sexual experience in male-attraction phenomena and, in addition, showed that aged (24 hr +) urine from females was not as preferred as fresh urine (see also Stern 1970). Orsulak and Gawienowski (1972) have shown a strong attraction on the part of sexually-experi- enced females for homogenates of male rat preputials and, in addition, documented the increased activity of the females when in the presence of preputial odor. Other than scent marking, the experimental testing of the role of odors in intra-specic ghting has largely been limited to mice. The importance of odors in the early imprinting of species-recognition, however, has been documented in rats (Mart and Lilliston 1969) and guinea pigs (Cartier and Matt 1970), both studies using a procedure of applying articial odors to mothers and/or siblings. Cross- fostering studies involving two species of rodents have also successfully conrmed the presence of early maternal imprinting (Quadagno and Banks 1970; Stark and Hazlett 197 2). It should be noted here that Leon and Moltz (1972) have suggested the presence of a specic ‘maternal pheromone’ produced in rats between 14 and 27. During recent years our knowledge on the behavioral biology of primates has ad- vanced considerably. Experimental studies on primates in the laboratory, as well as eld research on many species, have provided insight into reproductive behavior, social behavior and communication. It is characteristic for the communication systems of higher primates that they are multimodular, relying on olfactory, vocal, tactile and visual signals according to http://hartch25.weebly.com/our-marketing-blog/65-of-your-true-pheromones While visual as well as vocal and A to some degree — tactile communication has been studied quite extensively in a variety of species (c.f. Marler 1965; Altmann 1967; Lancaster 1968), little is known about the role of the chemical senses in primate communication. This lack of knowledge might in part — reflect a human bias: as one ascends the phylogenetic scale from the pro- simians to the monkeys and apes, there is a continuous reduction in the size of the bulbus olfactorius (Stephan 1966) which appears to be correlated with an increase in the importance of visual and vocal communication and a decrease in olfactory communication. In addition, visual and vocal patterns obviously are more notice- able to the human observer, who is anatomically better equipped and may be mentally more prepared to see a display or hear a call than to smell an odor. Thus, chemical communication has often been considered of minor importance, and much more attention has been paid to visual and vocal patterns. Except for the studies of Michael and his co-workers (c.f. Michael et al. 1972) on sex attractants in Macaca mulatta Zimmerman, little experimental evidence for the existence and biological function of pheromones in primates is available. Source: Free Articles from ArticlesFactory.com Alexander P is a blogger that studies pheromones. He lives in Los Angeles.