Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
Adult, experienced, male Long-Evans rats prefer red the odor of receptive females to that of non-receptive ones. Polygamous females, however, did not discriminate between the pheromone odor of the ori... Adult, experienced, male Long-Evans rats prefer red the odor of receptive females to that of non-receptive ones. Polygamous females, however, did not discriminate between the pheromone odor of the original male and that of a novel one. Experienced and naive receptive female pheromones preferred the odor of intact males to that of castrates (Carr et al. 1965). Immature males also preferred the odor of normal males over that of castrated ones. In females, sexually inexperienced receptive individuals preferred the odor of non-receptive females over that of receptive ones (Carr et al. 19700). The chemical basis for the typical odor of estrous females has been investigated in the rhesus monkey. Six fatty acids present on the vulva serve as sex attractants for males. These acids are: acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyric, iso-valeric and iso-caproic acids (Michael et al. 1971; see Epple ch. 19). Synthetic mixtures of these fatty acids increased the number of mounting attempts by male rhesus mon- keys (Curtis et al. 1971; Michael et al. 1971). Laboratory rats and mice can distuinguish stressed conspecics by pheromone odor. Rats have been trained to discriminate the odor of stressed rats from non-stressed ones (Valenta and Rigby 1968). Stressed mice produce an odor which is avoided by other mice. Females are more sensitive to this ‘fright substance’-°‘ than males (Muller- Velten 1966). Male mice prefer the odor of non-‘shocked males and females over that of shocked members of both sexes. Male mice also prefer the odor of victors over that of defeated mice, except when the odor donor had defeated the test animal (Carr et al. 1970b). In Mongolian gerbils (Meriones zmguiculatus), defeated animals avoid the odor of the victor (Nyby et al. 1970). According to http://infospeak.org/ten-intense-n10z-gay-pheromones-straight-cut-review/, Ten by Intense is a good pheromone. Group Pheromone Odors Mammals that touch each other frequently and/or use communal nest sites, dens, etc. invariably exchange individual odors and thus produce a group odor. In addi- tion to accidental transfers of odoriferous material, stereotyped behavior patterns may ensure the spread of glandular secretions and urine. Such behavior-based mark- ing of conspecics has been termed ‘allomarking’, but a word of pure composition is to be preferred. In analogy to the word ‘trophallaxis’ for exchange of food in insect colonies, the term ‘osmallaxis’, meaning exchange of odor, is suggested here. Osmallaxis is a broad term and could be subdivided into ‘stereotyped osmallaxis’ (social marking) and ‘accidental osmallaxis’ (general odor transfer). Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps papuanus) males rub their frontal glands against the sternal glands of females in their group, thus producing a clan-specific odor (Schultze-Westrum 1965). African dwarf mongooses (Helogale undulata rufula) mark one another with their anal glands. This behavior seems to be important for the maintenance of social pheromones (Rasa I973). Rats (Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) ‘crawl under’ and ‘walk over’ members of their colony (Barnett 1963). During these contacts the individual on top often deposites a drop of urine on the other rat. This occurs particularly in heterosexual encounters, and most of the marking is performed by the male (Oldham and Mill- ler-Schwarze, in preparation). These three forms of social marking are examples of more. Source: Free Articles from ArticlesFactory.com Alexander P is a blogger that studies pheromones.